vertical segregation การใช้

• Occupational gender segregation can be understood to contain two components or dimensions; horizontal segregation and vertical segregation.
• Vertical segregation can be somewhat difficult to measure across occupations because it refers to hierarchies within individual occupations.
• Rather, vertical segregation is applied on a piecemeal basis, as in underground cities of Atlanta and Montreal, and the multilevel streets in Chicago.
• Vertical segregation refers to the concept of the glass ceiling, where women are concentrated in lower paying, lower-ranking jobs and cannot break through to the higher levels.
• While these categories aptly describe the divisions within education, they are not comparable to the hierarchical categories within other occupations, and thus make comparisons of levels of vertical segregation quite difficult.
• With vertical segregation, occupational sex segregation occurs as occupations are stratified according to the power, authority, income, and prestige associated with the occupation and women are excluded from holding such jobs.